wasm_bindgen/rt/

mod.rs

use crate::convert::{FromWasmAbi, IntoWasmAbi, WasmAbi, WasmRet};
use crate::describe::inform;
use crate::JsValue;
#[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", feature = "std", panic = "unwind"))]
use core::any::Any;
use core::borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut};
#[cfg(target_feature = "atomics")]
use core::cell::UnsafeCell;
use core::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
use core::convert::Infallible;
use core::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
use core::panic::{RefUnwindSafe, UnwindSafe};
#[cfg(target_feature = "atomics")]
use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicU8, Ordering};
use wasm_bindgen_shared::tys::FUNCTION;

use alloc::alloc::{alloc, dealloc, realloc, Layout};
use alloc::rc::Rc;
use once_cell::unsync::Lazy;

pub extern crate alloc;
pub extern crate core;
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
pub extern crate std;

pub mod marker;

pub use wasm_bindgen_macro::BindgenedStruct;

/// Wrapper implementation for JsValue errors, with atomics and std handling
pub fn js_panic(err: JsValue) {
    #[cfg(all(feature = "std", not(target_feature = "atomics")))]
    ::std::panic::panic_any(err);
    #[cfg(not(all(feature = "std", not(target_feature = "atomics"))))]
    ::core::panic!("{:?}", err);
}

// Cast between arbitrary types supported by wasm-bindgen by going via JS.
//
// The implementation generates a no-op JS adapter that simply takes an argument
// in one type, decodes it from the ABI, and then returns the same value back
// encoded with a different type.
pub fn wbg_cast<From: IntoWasmAbi, To: FromWasmAbi>(value: From) -> To {
    // Here we need to create a conversion function between arbitrary types
    // supported by the wasm-bindgen's ABI.
    // To do that we... take a few unconventional turns.
    // In essence what happens here is this:
    //
    // 1. First up, below we call a function, `breaks_if_inlined`. This
    //    function, as the name implies, does not work if it's inlined.
    //    More on that in a moment.
    // 2. This is actually a descriptor function, similar to ones we
    //    generate for imports and exports, except we can't name it here
    //    because it's generated by monomorphisation for specific types.
    // 2. Since we can't name it to associate with a specific import or
    //    export, we use a different approach. After describing the input
    //    type, this function internally calls a special import recognized
    //    by the `wasm-bindgen` CLI tool, `__wbindgen_describe_cast`. This
    //    imported symbol is similar to `__wbindgen_describe` in that it's
    //    not intended to show up in the final binary but it's merely a
    //    signal for `wasm-bindgen` that marks the parent function
    //    (`breaks_if_inlined`) as a cast descriptor.
    //
    // Most of this doesn't actually make sense to happen at runtime! The
    // real magic happens when `wasm-bindgen` comes along and updates our
    // generated code. When `wasm-bindgen` runs it performs a few tasks:
    //
    // * First, it finds all functions that call
    //   `__wbindgen_describe_cast`. These are all `breaks_if_inlined`
    //   defined below as the symbol isn't called anywhere else.
    // * Next, `wasm-bindgen` executes the `breaks_if_inlined`
    //   monomorphized functions, passing it dummy arguments. This will
    //   execute the function until it reaches the call to
    //   `__wbindgen_describe_cast`, at which point the interpreter stops.
    // * Finally, and probably most heinously, the call to
    //   `breaks_if_inlined` is rewritten to call an otherwise globally
    //   imported function. This globally imported function will simply
    //   return the passed in argument, but because it's adapter for our
    //   descriptors, what we get is actually a general JS cast going via
    //   Rust input type -> ABI -> JS value -> Rust output type chain.

    #[inline(never)]
    #[cfg_attr(wasm_bindgen_unstable_test_coverage, coverage(off))]
    unsafe extern "C" fn breaks_if_inlined<From: IntoWasmAbi, To: FromWasmAbi>(
        prim1: <From::Abi as WasmAbi>::Prim1,
        prim2: <From::Abi as WasmAbi>::Prim2,
        prim3: <From::Abi as WasmAbi>::Prim3,
        prim4: <From::Abi as WasmAbi>::Prim4,
    ) -> WasmRet<To::Abi> {
        inform(FUNCTION);
        inform(0);
        inform(1);
        From::describe();
        To::describe();
        To::describe();
        // Pass all inputs and outputs across the opaque FFI boundary to prevent
        // compiler from removing them as dead code.
        core::ptr::read(super::__wbindgen_describe_cast(
            breaks_if_inlined::<From, To> as _,
            &(prim1, prim2, prim3, prim4) as *const _ as _,
        ) as _)
    }

    let (prim1, prim2, prim3, prim4) = value.into_abi().split();

    unsafe { To::from_abi(breaks_if_inlined::<From, To>(prim1, prim2, prim3, prim4).join()) }
}

pub(crate) const JSIDX_OFFSET: u32 = 1024; // keep in sync with js/mod.rs
pub(crate) const JSIDX_UNDEFINED: u32 = JSIDX_OFFSET;
pub(crate) const JSIDX_NULL: u32 = JSIDX_OFFSET + 1;
pub(crate) const JSIDX_TRUE: u32 = JSIDX_OFFSET + 2;
pub(crate) const JSIDX_FALSE: u32 = JSIDX_OFFSET + 3;
pub(crate) const JSIDX_RESERVED: u32 = JSIDX_OFFSET + 4;

pub(crate) struct ThreadLocalWrapper<T>(pub(crate) T);

#[cfg(not(target_feature = "atomics"))]
unsafe impl<T> Sync for ThreadLocalWrapper<T> {}

#[cfg(not(target_feature = "atomics"))]
unsafe impl<T> Send for ThreadLocalWrapper<T> {}

/// Wrapper around [`Lazy`] adding `Send + Sync` when `atomics` is not enabled.
pub struct LazyCell<T, F = fn() -> T>(ThreadLocalWrapper<Lazy<T, F>>);

impl<T, F> LazyCell<T, F> {
    pub const fn new(init: F) -> LazyCell<T, F> {
        Self(ThreadLocalWrapper(Lazy::new(init)))
    }
}

impl<T, F: FnOnce() -> T> LazyCell<T, F> {
    pub fn force(this: &Self) -> &T {
        &this.0 .0
    }
}

impl<T> Deref for LazyCell<T> {
    type Target = T;

    fn deref(&self) -> &T {
        ::once_cell::unsync::Lazy::force(&self.0 .0)
    }
}

#[cfg(not(target_feature = "atomics"))]
pub use LazyCell as LazyLock;

#[cfg(target_feature = "atomics")]
pub struct LazyLock<T, F = fn() -> T> {
    state: AtomicU8,
    data: UnsafeCell<Data<T, F>>,
}

#[cfg(target_feature = "atomics")]
enum Data<T, F> {
    Value(T),
    Init(F),
}

#[cfg(target_feature = "atomics")]
impl<T, F> LazyLock<T, F> {
    const STATE_UNINIT: u8 = 0;
    const STATE_INITIALIZING: u8 = 1;
    const STATE_INIT: u8 = 2;

    pub const fn new(init: F) -> LazyLock<T, F> {
        Self {
            state: AtomicU8::new(Self::STATE_UNINIT),
            data: UnsafeCell::new(Data::Init(init)),
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(target_feature = "atomics")]
impl<T> Deref for LazyLock<T> {
    type Target = T;

    fn deref(&self) -> &T {
        let mut state = self.state.load(Ordering::Acquire);

        loop {
            match state {
                Self::STATE_INIT => {
                    let Data::Value(value) = (unsafe { &*self.data.get() }) else {
                        unreachable!()
                    };
                    return value;
                }
                Self::STATE_UNINIT => {
                    if let Err(new_state) = self.state.compare_exchange_weak(
                        Self::STATE_UNINIT,
                        Self::STATE_INITIALIZING,
                        Ordering::Acquire,
                        Ordering::Relaxed,
                    ) {
                        state = new_state;
                        continue;
                    }

                    let data = unsafe { &mut *self.data.get() };
                    let Data::Init(init) = data else {
                        unreachable!()
                    };
                    *data = Data::Value(init());
                    self.state.store(Self::STATE_INIT, Ordering::Release);
                    state = Self::STATE_INIT;
                }
                Self::STATE_INITIALIZING => {
                    // TODO: Block here if possible. This would require
                    // detecting if we can in the first place.
                    state = self.state.load(Ordering::Acquire);
                }
                _ => unreachable!(),
            }
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(target_feature = "atomics")]
unsafe impl<T, F: Sync> Sync for LazyLock<T, F> {}

#[cfg(target_feature = "atomics")]
unsafe impl<T, F: Send> Send for LazyLock<T, F> {}

#[macro_export]
#[doc(hidden)]
#[cfg(not(target_feature = "atomics"))]
macro_rules! __wbindgen_thread_local {
    ($wasm_bindgen:tt, $actual_ty:ty) => {{
        static _VAL: $wasm_bindgen::__rt::LazyCell<$actual_ty> =
            $wasm_bindgen::__rt::LazyCell::new(init);
        $wasm_bindgen::JsThreadLocal { __inner: &_VAL }
    }};
}

#[macro_export]
#[doc(hidden)]
#[cfg(target_feature = "atomics")]
#[allow_internal_unstable(thread_local)]
macro_rules! __wbindgen_thread_local {
    ($wasm_bindgen:tt, $actual_ty:ty) => {{
        #[thread_local]
        static _VAL: $wasm_bindgen::__rt::LazyCell<$actual_ty> =
            $wasm_bindgen::__rt::LazyCell::new(init);
        $wasm_bindgen::JsThreadLocal {
            __inner: || unsafe { $wasm_bindgen::__rt::LazyCell::force(&_VAL) as *const $actual_ty },
        }
    }};
}

#[macro_export]
#[doc(hidden)]
#[cfg(not(wasm_bindgen_unstable_test_coverage))]
macro_rules! __wbindgen_coverage {
    ($item:item) => {
        $item
    };
}

#[macro_export]
#[doc(hidden)]
#[cfg(wasm_bindgen_unstable_test_coverage)]
#[allow_internal_unstable(coverage_attribute)]
macro_rules! __wbindgen_coverage {
    ($item:item) => {
        #[coverage(off)]
        $item
    };
}

#[inline]
pub fn assert_not_null<T>(s: *mut T) {
    if s.is_null() {
        throw_null();
    }
}

#[cold]
#[inline(never)]
fn throw_null() -> ! {
    super::throw_str("null pointer passed to rust");
}

/// A wrapper around the `RefCell` from the standard library.
///
/// Now why, you may ask, would we do that? Surely `RefCell` in libstd is
/// quite good. And you're right, it is indeed quite good! Functionally
/// nothing more is needed from `RefCell` in the standard library but for
/// now this crate is also sort of optimizing for compiled code size.
///
/// One major factor to larger binaries in Rust is when a panic happens.
/// Panicking in the standard library involves a fair bit of machinery
/// (formatting, panic hooks, synchronization, etc). It's all worthwhile if
/// you need it but for something like `WasmRefCell` here we don't actually
/// need all that!
///
/// This is just a wrapper around all Rust objects passed to JS intended to
/// guard accidental reentrancy, so this vendored version is intended solely
/// to not panic in libstd. Instead when it "panics" it calls our `throw`
/// function in this crate which raises an error in JS.
pub struct WasmRefCell<T: ?Sized> {
    inner: RefCell<T>,
}

impl<T: ?Sized> UnwindSafe for WasmRefCell<T> {}
impl<T: ?Sized> RefUnwindSafe for WasmRefCell<T> {}

impl<T: ?Sized> WasmRefCell<T> {
    pub fn new(value: T) -> WasmRefCell<T>
    where
        T: Sized,
    {
        WasmRefCell {
            inner: RefCell::new(value),
        }
    }

    pub fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
        self.inner.get_mut()
    }

    pub fn borrow(&self) -> Ref<'_, T> {
        match self.inner.try_borrow() {
            Ok(inner) => Ref { inner },
            Err(_) => borrow_fail(),
        }
    }

    pub fn borrow_mut(&self) -> RefMut<'_, T> {
        match self.inner.try_borrow_mut() {
            Ok(inner) => RefMut { inner },
            Err(_) => borrow_fail(),
        }
    }

    pub fn into_inner(self) -> T
    where
        T: Sized,
    {
        self.inner.into_inner()
    }
}

pub struct Ref<'b, T: ?Sized + 'b> {
    inner: core::cell::Ref<'b, T>,
}

impl<T: ?Sized> Deref for Ref<'_, T> {
    type Target = T;

    #[inline]
    fn deref(&self) -> &T {
        &self.inner
    }
}

impl<T: ?Sized> Borrow<T> for Ref<'_, T> {
    #[inline]
    fn borrow(&self) -> &T {
        self
    }
}

pub struct RefMut<'b, T: ?Sized + 'b> {
    inner: core::cell::RefMut<'b, T>,
}

impl<T: ?Sized> Deref for RefMut<'_, T> {
    type Target = T;

    #[inline]
    fn deref(&self) -> &T {
        &self.inner
    }
}

impl<T: ?Sized> DerefMut for RefMut<'_, T> {
    #[inline]
    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
        &mut self.inner
    }
}

impl<T: ?Sized> Borrow<T> for RefMut<'_, T> {
    #[inline]
    fn borrow(&self) -> &T {
        self
    }
}

impl<T: ?Sized> BorrowMut<T> for RefMut<'_, T> {
    #[inline]
    fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
        self
    }
}

#[cfg(panic = "unwind")]
fn borrow_fail() -> ! {
    panic!(
        "recursive use of an object detected which would lead to \
		 unsafe aliasing in rust",
    )
}

#[cfg(not(panic = "unwind"))]
fn borrow_fail() -> ! {
    super::throw_str(
        "recursive use of an object detected which would lead to \
		 unsafe aliasing in rust",
    );
}

/// A type that encapsulates an `Rc<WasmRefCell<T>>` as well as a `Ref`
/// to the contents of that `WasmRefCell`.
///
/// The `'static` requirement is an unfortunate consequence of how this
/// is implemented.
pub struct RcRef<T: ?Sized + 'static> {
    // The 'static is a lie.
    //
    // We could get away without storing this, since we're in the same module as
    // `WasmRefCell` and can directly manipulate its `borrow`, but I'm considering
    // turning it into a wrapper around `std`'s `RefCell` to reduce `unsafe` in
    // which case that would stop working. This also requires less `unsafe` as is.
    //
    // It's important that this goes before `Rc` so that it gets dropped first.
    ref_: Ref<'static, T>,
    _rc: Rc<WasmRefCell<T>>,
}

impl<T: ?Sized> UnwindSafe for RcRef<T> {}

impl<T: ?Sized> RcRef<T> {
    pub fn new(rc: Rc<WasmRefCell<T>>) -> Self {
        let ref_ = unsafe { (*Rc::as_ptr(&rc)).borrow() };
        Self { _rc: rc, ref_ }
    }
}

impl<T: ?Sized> Deref for RcRef<T> {
    type Target = T;

    #[inline]
    fn deref(&self) -> &T {
        &self.ref_
    }
}

impl<T: ?Sized> Borrow<T> for RcRef<T> {
    #[inline]
    fn borrow(&self) -> &T {
        &self.ref_
    }
}

/// A type that encapsulates an `Rc<WasmRefCell<T>>` as well as a
/// `RefMut` to the contents of that `WasmRefCell`.
///
/// The `'static` requirement is an unfortunate consequence of how this
/// is implemented.
pub struct RcRefMut<T: ?Sized + 'static> {
    ref_: RefMut<'static, T>,
    _rc: Rc<WasmRefCell<T>>,
}

impl<T: ?Sized> RcRefMut<T> {
    pub fn new(rc: Rc<WasmRefCell<T>>) -> Self {
        let ref_ = unsafe { (*Rc::as_ptr(&rc)).borrow_mut() };
        Self { _rc: rc, ref_ }
    }
}

impl<T: ?Sized> Deref for RcRefMut<T> {
    type Target = T;

    #[inline]
    fn deref(&self) -> &T {
        &self.ref_
    }
}

impl<T: ?Sized> DerefMut for RcRefMut<T> {
    #[inline]
    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
        &mut self.ref_
    }
}

impl<T: ?Sized> Borrow<T> for RcRefMut<T> {
    #[inline]
    fn borrow(&self) -> &T {
        &self.ref_
    }
}

impl<T: ?Sized> BorrowMut<T> for RcRefMut<T> {
    #[inline]
    fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
        &mut self.ref_
    }
}

#[no_mangle]
pub extern "C" fn __wbindgen_malloc(size: usize, align: usize) -> *mut u8 {
    if let Ok(layout) = Layout::from_size_align(size, align) {
        unsafe {
            if layout.size() > 0 {
                let ptr = alloc(layout);
                if !ptr.is_null() {
                    return ptr;
                }
            } else {
                return align as *mut u8;
            }
        }
    }

    malloc_failure();
}

#[no_mangle]
pub unsafe extern "C" fn __wbindgen_realloc(
    ptr: *mut u8,
    old_size: usize,
    new_size: usize,
    align: usize,
) -> *mut u8 {
    debug_assert!(old_size > 0);
    debug_assert!(new_size > 0);
    if let Ok(layout) = Layout::from_size_align(old_size, align) {
        let ptr = realloc(ptr, layout, new_size);
        if !ptr.is_null() {
            return ptr;
        }
    }
    malloc_failure();
}

#[cold]
fn malloc_failure() -> ! {
    cfg_if::cfg_if! {
        if #[cfg(debug_assertions)] {
            super::throw_str("invalid malloc request")
        } else if #[cfg(feature = "std")] {
            std::process::abort();
        } else if #[cfg(all(
            target_arch = "wasm32",
            any(target_os = "unknown", target_os = "none")
        ))] {
            core::arch::wasm32::unreachable();
        } else {
            unreachable!()
        }
    }
}

#[no_mangle]
pub unsafe extern "C" fn __wbindgen_free(ptr: *mut u8, size: usize, align: usize) {
    // This happens for zero-length slices, and in that case `ptr` is
    // likely bogus so don't actually send this to the system allocator
    if size == 0 {
        return;
    }
    let layout = Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(size, align);
    dealloc(ptr, layout);
}

/// This is a curious function necessary to get wasm-bindgen working today,
/// and it's a bit of an unfortunate hack.
///
/// The general problem is that somehow we need the above two symbols to
/// exist in the final output binary (__wbindgen_malloc and
/// __wbindgen_free). These symbols may be called by JS for various
/// bindings, so we for sure need to make sure they're exported.
///
/// The problem arises, though, when what if no Rust code uses the symbols?
/// For all intents and purposes it looks to LLVM and the linker like the
/// above two symbols are dead code, so they're completely discarded!
///
/// Specifically what happens is this:
///
/// * The above two symbols are generated into some object file inside of
///   libwasm_bindgen.rlib
/// * The linker, LLD, will not load this object file unless *some* symbol
///   is loaded from the object. In this case, if the Rust code never calls
///   __wbindgen_malloc or __wbindgen_free then the symbols never get linked
///   in.
/// * Later when `wasm-bindgen` attempts to use the symbols they don't
///   exist, causing an error.
///
/// This function is a weird hack for this problem. We inject a call to this
/// function in all generated code. Usage of this function should then
/// ensure that the above two intrinsics are translated.
///
/// Due to how rustc creates object files this function (and anything inside
/// it) will be placed into the same object file as the two intrinsics
/// above. That means if this function is called and referenced we'll pull
/// in the object file and link the intrinsics.
///
/// Ideas for how to improve this are most welcome!
#[cfg_attr(wasm_bindgen_unstable_test_coverage, coverage(off))]
pub fn link_mem_intrinsics() {
    crate::link::link_intrinsics();
}

#[cfg_attr(target_feature = "atomics", thread_local)]
static GLOBAL_EXNDATA: ThreadLocalWrapper<Cell<[u32; 2]>> = ThreadLocalWrapper(Cell::new([0; 2]));

#[cfg(panic = "unwind")]
#[no_mangle]
pub static mut __instance_terminated: u32 = 0;

#[no_mangle]
pub unsafe extern "C" fn __wbindgen_exn_store(idx: u32) {
    debug_assert_eq!(GLOBAL_EXNDATA.0.get()[0], 0);
    GLOBAL_EXNDATA.0.set([1, idx]);
}

pub fn take_last_exception() -> Result<(), super::JsValue> {
    let ret = if GLOBAL_EXNDATA.0.get()[0] == 1 {
        Err(super::JsValue::_new(GLOBAL_EXNDATA.0.get()[1]))
    } else {
        Ok(())
    };
    GLOBAL_EXNDATA.0.set([0, 0]);
    ret
}

/// An internal helper trait for usage in `#[wasm_bindgen]` on `async`
/// functions to convert the return value of the function to
/// `Result<JsValue, JsValue>` which is what we'll return to JS (where an
/// error is a failed future).
pub trait IntoJsResult {
    fn into_js_result(self) -> Result<JsValue, JsValue>;
}

impl IntoJsResult for () {
    fn into_js_result(self) -> Result<JsValue, JsValue> {
        Ok(JsValue::undefined())
    }
}

impl<T: Into<JsValue>> IntoJsResult for T {
    fn into_js_result(self) -> Result<JsValue, JsValue> {
        Ok(self.into())
    }
}

impl<T: Into<JsValue>, E: Into<JsValue>> IntoJsResult for Result<T, E> {
    fn into_js_result(self) -> Result<JsValue, JsValue> {
        match self {
            Ok(e) => Ok(e.into()),
            Err(e) => Err(e.into()),
        }
    }
}

impl<E: Into<JsValue>> IntoJsResult for Result<(), E> {
    fn into_js_result(self) -> Result<JsValue, JsValue> {
        match self {
            Ok(()) => Ok(JsValue::undefined()),
            Err(e) => Err(e.into()),
        }
    }
}

/// An internal helper trait for usage in `#[wasm_bindgen(start)]`
/// functions to throw the error (if it is `Err`).
pub trait Start {
    fn start(self);
}

impl Start for () {
    #[inline]
    fn start(self) {}
}

impl<E: Into<JsValue>> Start for Result<(), E> {
    #[inline]
    fn start(self) {
        if let Err(e) = self {
            crate::throw_val(e.into());
        }
    }
}

/// An internal helper struct for usage in `#[wasm_bindgen(main)]`
/// functions to throw the error (if it is `Err`).
pub struct MainWrapper<T>(pub Option<T>);

pub trait Main {
    fn __wasm_bindgen_main(&mut self);
}

impl Main for &mut &mut MainWrapper<()> {
    #[inline]
    fn __wasm_bindgen_main(&mut self) {}
}

impl Main for &mut &mut MainWrapper<Infallible> {
    #[inline]
    fn __wasm_bindgen_main(&mut self) {}
}

impl<E: Into<JsValue>> Main for &mut &mut MainWrapper<Result<(), E>> {
    #[inline]
    fn __wasm_bindgen_main(&mut self) {
        if let Err(e) = self.0.take().unwrap() {
            crate::throw_val(e.into());
        }
    }
}

impl<E: core::fmt::Debug> Main for &mut MainWrapper<Result<(), E>> {
    #[inline]
    fn __wasm_bindgen_main(&mut self) {
        if let Err(e) = self.0.take().unwrap() {
            crate::throw_str(&alloc::format!("{e:?}"));
        }
    }
}

pub const fn flat_len<T, const SIZE: usize>(slices: [&[T]; SIZE]) -> usize {
    let mut len = 0;
    let mut i = 0;
    while i < slices.len() {
        len += slices[i].len();
        i += 1;
    }
    len
}

pub const fn flat_byte_slices<const RESULT_LEN: usize, const SIZE: usize>(
    slices: [&[u8]; SIZE],
) -> [u8; RESULT_LEN] {
    let mut result = [0; RESULT_LEN];

    let mut slice_index = 0;
    let mut result_offset = 0;

    while slice_index < slices.len() {
        let mut i = 0;
        let slice = slices[slice_index];
        while i < slice.len() {
            result[result_offset] = slice[i];
            i += 1;
            result_offset += 1;
        }
        slice_index += 1;
    }

    result
}

// NOTE: This method is used to encode u32 into a variable-length-integer during the compile-time .
// Generally speaking, the length of the encoded variable-length-integer depends on the size of the integer
// but the maximum capacity can be used here to simplify the amount of code during the compile-time .
pub const fn encode_u32_to_fixed_len_bytes(value: u32) -> [u8; 5] {
    let mut result: [u8; 5] = [0; 5];
    let mut i = 0;
    while i < 4 {
        result[i] = ((value >> (7 * i)) | 0x80) as u8;
        i += 1;
    }
    result[4] = (value >> (7 * 4)) as u8;
    result
}

#[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", feature = "std", panic = "unwind"))]
#[wasm_bindgen_macro::wasm_bindgen(wasm_bindgen = crate, raw_module = "__wbindgen_placeholder__")]
extern "C" {
    fn __wbindgen_panic_error(msg: &JsValue) -> JsValue;
}

#[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", feature = "std", panic = "unwind"))]
pub fn panic_to_panic_error(val: std::boxed::Box<dyn Any + Send>) -> JsValue {
    #[cfg(not(target_feature = "atomics"))]
    {
        if let Some(s) = val.downcast_ref::<JsValue>() {
            return __wbindgen_panic_error(&s);
        }
    }
    let maybe_panic_msg: Option<&str> = if let Some(s) = val.downcast_ref::<&str>() {
        Some(s)
    } else if let Some(s) = val.downcast_ref::<std::string::String>() {
        Some(s)
    } else {
        None
    };
    let err: JsValue = __wbindgen_panic_error(&JsValue::from_str(
        maybe_panic_msg.unwrap_or("No panic message available"),
    ));
    err
}

#[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", feature = "std", panic = "unwind"))]
pub fn maybe_catch_unwind<F: FnOnce() -> R + std::panic::UnwindSafe, R>(f: F) -> R {
    let result = std::panic::catch_unwind(f);
    match result {
        Ok(val) => val,
        Err(e) => {
            crate::throw_val(panic_to_panic_error(e));
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(not(all(target_arch = "wasm32", feature = "std", panic = "unwind")))]
pub fn maybe_catch_unwind<F: FnOnce() -> R, R>(f: F) -> R {
    f()
}